Laser technology has extremely important strategic significance for economic and social development and national security. Laser material is the core and foundation of the development of laser technology. As a new generation of solid laser material - transparent laser ceramics, is of great significance to the national security and sustainable development of the national economy. It is an example of structural and functional integration in the field of ceramic materials research. Large size, low optical loss of laser ceramic research has a strong forward-looking, critical and fundamental, not only for the material science development of great significance, but also for the development of high-tech industries is also of great significance.
Ceramics Co., Ltd., Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Since the laser output of Nd: YAG transparent ceramics was first realized in China in 2006 (J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2007, 1629) A series of important research progresses have been made in the design, preparation and properties of materials (Opt. Mater., 2008, 31, 6), and Yb: YAG (J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2007, 90, 3334 Opt. Express, 2009, 17, 17734; Opt. Express, 2012, 20, A489), Tm: YAG (J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2009, 92, 2434), Ho: YAG , 2010, 7, 351) and Er: YAG (J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2012, 95, 1029). Due to the preparation advantages of the laser ceramics, a composite structure can be obtained, which is expected to solve the thermal problem encountered in the development of high-power solid-state lasers and achieve high beam quality and high-power laser output. The research team successfully prepared a high quality YAG / Nd: YAG transparent ceramic with composite structure and realized continuous laser output (Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Tech., 2008, 5, 360; J. Alloy Compd., 2012, 527 , 66). In addition, the research group made significant progress in the wet chemical preparation of YAG nanopowders and transparent ceramics (J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2011, 31,653; J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2012 , 32, 2971).
In 2011, the monolithic Nd: YAG ceramic slab of the Transparent Optical Functional Ceramic Group achieved a 2.44 kW quasi-continuous laser output (J. Alloy Compd., 2012, 538, 258). In 2013, I used the Nd: YAG ceramic slab (120mm × 50mm × 3mm) that I provided to achieve the 1064nm laser output reaching 4350W (the highest in China) and the light efficiency of 43.6% (Opt. Laser Technol., 2014) , 63, 50-53). International second only to the United States Marsh company using Japanese ceramic slab obtained results, and the same parameters of the crystal slab laser module output power equivalent. The Nd: YAG ceramic slab laser and the United States Tatsu ceramic slab laser system single board laser output power 7.5kW in the same order. This indicates that China has made a major breakthrough in the field of laser ceramics and is at an advanced international level. Nd: YAG ceramics show a higher laser thermal damage threshold than Nd: YAG crystals with the same doping concentration when the total optical loss of Nd: YAG laser transparent ceramics is still several times that of single crystal (about 0.002cm-1) 64% (Opt. Lett., 2014, 39, 1965; IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum. Electron., 2015, 21, 1206408). High-power ceramic laser has great potential applications, it has an irreplaceable position in the future of laser technology. Therefore, the laser ceramic solid-state laser technology (especially high-energy laser technology), has opened up a new way, with great significance.
The research work was supported by major projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China, key projects of National Natural Science, National 863 Project, directional projects of Chinese Academy of Sciences, key projects of Shanghai Basic Research Institute and Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences stand by.
Large size Nd: YAG transparent ceramic photos
Normally Expansion Tank is made by semi-transparent materials, such as plastic. The reason why use this kind material is that we can easily observed the liquid level directly through the box instead of opening the cap.
The operating principle of expansion tank is that, when people run cars, the temperature of the coolant circulating through the water jackets naturally increases which will increase pressure in the cooling system. When the pressure builds to a high enough point, the radiator cap allows that pressure to escape into the coolant reservoir through a small hose, called an overflow hose connected by the neck of the radiator to the expansion tank. Most of the coolant that is forced into the expansion tank returns to the radiator naturally after a few hours or when the engine is cold.
As engine coolant heats up, it expands. The Coolant Expansion Tank provides additional storage for the expanding coolant and is commonly the location where coolant is added to the engine.
Without expansion tank, cooling systems would explode under pressure or the coolant would be forced from the overflow tube on the radiator and leak onto the road. It is advisable to check expansion tank regularly.
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